Tag Archives: Opération Salamandre

One spicy Gazelle

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Some 35 years ago this week. 18 February 1991 – Saudi Arabia, a French Gazelle SA 342 combat helicopter shoots a HOT missile in flight, over the desert. It is likely of the 4th Division Aéromobile or the 5th Régiment d’Hélicopteres Anti-char (RHC) with Task Force Alpha, attached to the French 6th Light Armored Division (6e DLB).

Ref. : DAY 91 02 2019, Michel Riehl/ECPAD/Defense

As part of Operation Daguet, the French end of Desert Shield/Storm, the country deployed some 132 helicopters for its divisional-sized force, including 60 HOT-armed Gazelles, most of which arrived in the Middle East during the Operation Salamandre build-up via the carrier Clemenceau.

Le porte-avions “Clemenceau” et le croiseur lance-missiles “Colbert” effectuent un ravitaillement en mer auprès du pétrolier ravitailleur “Var” lors de l’opération “Salamandre”.

Des hélicoptères du 5e RHC (Régiment d’Hélicoptères de Combat) appontent sur le porte-avions “Clemenceau” pour un exercice lors de l’opération “Salamandre”.

Photo: Marine Nationale

The French built up a 14,000 man ground force from the 6th French Light Armored Division–outfitted with a battalion of AMX-30s, three battalions of AMX-10RCs, and some 200 VABs, with units including the famed 1st Foreign Legion Cavalry (1er REC), the 3rd Marines (3e RIMa), and the 1er Regiment de spahis— augmented by the truck-borne 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment of the U.S. 82nd “All American” Airborne Division.

Un marsouin du 3e régiment d’infanterie de marine (RIMa) mans an observation point armed with an mm AA-F1N machine gun, itself an updated Cold War AA-52 in 7.62 NATO. Réf. : DIA 91 02 3722 Christian Fritsch/ECPAD/Défense

A soldier from the 11th Marine Artillery Regiment (RAMA) rides a motorcycle in the desert.

They crossed the line of contact on 24 February 1991 on the far left of the Allied effort, operating almost totally inside Iraq, a country French troops had last been in in a combat role in 1941.

Armored AMX-10 RC belonging to the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment (1st REC) and the 1st Spahis Regiment (1st RS) advance head-on in the desert. Ref. : DAY 28 04 20 03 Christian Fritsch/ECPAD/Defense

24 February 1991 – Saudi Arabia. Operation Daguet. A Light Reconnaissance and Support Vehicle (VLRA) of the Commandos de recherche et d’action dans la profondeur (CRAP) takes a break in the desert. Réf. : 1 991 001 200 33 © Yann Le Jamtel/ECPAD/Defense

Within 48 hours, they met, closed with, and destroyed the Iraqi  45th Mechanized Infantry Division, bagging 3,000 POWs for two killed and 10 wounded.

During one initial clearing stage when Desert Shield turned into Desert Storm, 30 missile-armed Gazelles flew in an abreast line formation 500m apart to sanitize a 15 km wide, 20 km deep area for the following French and accompanying American ground forces to follow. French Gazelles fired 330 HOT missiles during the ‘Storm.

30 Years Ago Today: Salamandre

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Here we see “le Clem,” the French Navy’s Clemenceau (R98), the service’s first domestic-built fleet carrier, with her deck full of…Army trucks and helicopters as well as a handful of Bréguet 1050 Alizé ASW aircraft.

Photo: Marine Nationale

The reason? Saddam, of course.

Commissioned in 1961 as the first of a two-ship class to replace the WWII-era British Colossus-class light carrier Arromanches (R95) [ex-HMS Colossus] and the Independence-class light carriers LaFayette (R94) [ex-USS Langley] and Bois Belleau (R96) [ex-USS Belleau Wood], the Clemenceau-class ships were roughly comparable to an Essex-sized carrier with their 869-foot flight deck.

By the early 1990s, the airwing of Clemenceau and her sister ship Foch (R99) included a mix of 40 or so F-8 Crusader fighters, Super Etendard strike aircraft, Alize sub-busters, and Dauphin helicopters.

Beautiful French Navy Vought F8 Crusaders. The Aéronavale began fielding 42 modified F8s to replace downright elderly WWII-era F4U Corsairs in 1964, going on to operate them in combat off Djibouti (against Yemeni MiGs), Lebanon, Libya, Bosnia, and Kosovo. France saw their last Crusader flight in December 1999– the final country fielding them– and to their credit has over a dozen of these aircraft preserved in museums around the country. (Photo: Marine Nationale)

A Vought F-8 Crusader lines up for landing on the French aircraft carrier Foch (R99). Date and location unknown

With their 32-knot max speed, Clemenceau and Foch could also be used as a fast “commando carrier,” transporting French Army troops or Marines and an assortment of Puma, Super Frelon, and Alouette helicopters to carry them ashore.

That’s what you kinda see in the top image.

As part of France’s early involvement in the First Gulf War, reacting to Saddam’s occupation of Kuwait, le Clem was ordered to land most of her traditional airwing (save for its Alize and Dauphins) and take on elements of the Force d’Action Rapide to include a reinforced company of the French Foreign Legion’s 1er Régiment, an anti-air detachment (11e RAMa), and a full Army heavy aviation regiment (5e R.H.C.) to include a dozen SA 330B Puma and 30 SA 341/342 Gazelle helicopters. Added to the mix were 80 assorted trucks and combat vehicles. In all, some 800 French troops were embarked.

With escort provided by the cruiser Colbert (C611) and support of the Durance-class replenishment ship Var (A608), the whole thing was put together in 72 hours from the green light and sailed from Toulon as Task Force 623 on 13 August– just 11 days after Saddam crossed the border.

Cruiser Colbert escorts Clemenceau, who is carrying 42 helicopters of the 5e RHC (Régiment d’Hélicoptères de Combat), during Opération Salamandre along with four Bréguet-Alizé ASW aircraft and two SA365 Dauphins of the Aéronavale. Note the big 11,000-ton cruiser’s double ramp ECAN Masurca surface-to-air missile launcher, comparable to the Mk26, on her stern. Photo: ECPAD

Clemenceau, Colbert, and Var during Opération Salamandre. Photo: ECPAD

The mission was dubbed Opération Salamandre.

Crossing into the Red Sea via the Suez, the force had a brief stopover in the French colony of Djibouti before making for the Strait of Hormuz, where Gazelles combat-loaded with HOT anti-tank missiles and 20mm cannon stood on alert while Marines with Mistrals kept an eye peeled.

Helicopters of 5e RHC (Régiment d’Hélicoptères de Combat) operate from Clemenceau during Salamandre. (Photo: Marine Nationale)

Ultimately, the helicopters and trucks were offloaded at Yanbu in Saudi Arabia and TF 623 remained in the Persian Gulf area until early October, handing over naval operations to the Opération Artimon task force of frigates, as the semi-armored Daguet Division was slowly being built ashore, preparing for action the next year when the Gulf War went from a Shield to a Storm.

When Daguet went into action the next February, almost half of the Division’s aircraft had been carried to the theater by le Clem.

Ultimately, Clemenceau went on to have a more lively part in a shooting war with no less than five deployments off the former Yugoslavia from 1993 to 1996, including having one of her Etendards take a SAM over Bosnia.

She would be decommissioned in 1997 and later partially stripped to provide spare parts for her sister, Foch, which was transferred to Brazil. Le Clem was scrapped in 2010. Salamandre mate Colbert followed in 2016 after spending almost two decades as a museum ship, while Var is still active.