Category Archives: Tanks & AFV

TOW MUTT

Taking you back 40 years ago today.

How about this Cold War moment frozen in time, when the M151 1/4-ton 4×4 utility truck, or MUTT, reigned supreme in the days before the adoption of the Hummer.

24 March 1986. Official period caption: “A member of Company A, 1st Battalion, 38th Infantry, 2nd Infantry Division, drives an M151 light utility vehicle across a bridge during the joint U.S. and South Korean Exercise Team Spirit ’86. The M151 is equipped with a tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided (TOW) anti-tank missile launcher.”

Scene Camera Operator: Sgt Jimmie T. Dugans Jr., Agency-Assigned Identifier: DASC8705427. National Archives Identifier: 6411295

You just have to love the carefully applied face camo, how bright the M81 woodland camo BDUs are, as well as the new-issued K-pot Kevlar helmet with skrim camo, and the old-school M16A1 in the backseat. Oh yeah, and the unbuckled web gear. A man has to have some creature comforts between evolutions.

Out of all the above, only the TOW survives, where it no doubt still sees service with the 2nd ID, which is still in Korea.

Argentine Cav Unit Marks 200th Anniversary

In news from south of the border, the Regimiento de Caballería de Tanques 1 (“Coronel Brandsen”) is marking its 200th anniversary this year.

RC Tan 1, today part of the 1.ª División’s II Brigada Blindada, was originally established on the 1st of February 1826, just as the Regimiento 1 de Caballería, and celebrates its regimental day every March 1st.

Formed as a hussar unit, its first regimental commander was a Paris-born Dutchman, Charles Louis Frédéric de Brandtzen, who is remembered as Carlos Luis Federico de Brandsen in Argentina.

Before emigrating to South America to fight the Spanish, Brandtzen/Brandsen served in Napoleon’s ministry of war, then picked up a junior officer’s commission in the Italian cavalry, served in Russia in 1812, and the German campaign in 1813, moved to a French regiment with a captain’s commission, and served through Waterloo, earning a Legion of Honor.

 “The Grande Armée Crossing the Berezina,” by Polish artist and army officer January Suchodolski (1866). Of the 50,000 members of the Army of the Kingdom of Italy that marched as part of Napoleon’s Grande Armee into Russia in 1812, just 2,500, Brandtzen included, survived the campaign. 

Losing his France privileges as a Bonapartist, he served in the Argentine Regimiento de Granaderos in the Chile campaign in 1817-19, then was commander of the Peruvian Legion of the Hussars of the Guard, eventually promoted to brigadier general in the Peruvian military.

He was a captain on the field at Nazca, Peru, on 15 October 1820, when a force of 250 Peruvian mounted grenadiers under Lt. Col. Manuel Rojas bested 700 fine Spanish cavalry under the command of the Marquis de Quimper.

Federico de Brandsen painted by Jean-Philippe Goulu

Brandtzen/Brandsen arrived back in Argentina just in time for the country’s war with Brazil and led the newly formed Regimiento 1 de Caballería, which now carries his name, and was killed in action at Ituzaingó in February 1827, dead at 41, and is remembered throughout Argentina as a hero.

Converted from horses to tanks only in 1968 (!) when they hung up their chargers for surplus M4 Shermans.

The Argentines used so-called “Repotenciado” (repowered) model Shermans, converted from British Firefly IC variants, as late as the mid-1980s. These carried a L/44 FTR 105 gun and a Ford V8.

Today RC Tan 1 operates the Tanque Argentino Mediano (TAM), a domestic 30-ton main battle tank (made with German help) that uses a 105mm gun and has been in service since the 1980s, and the 20mm Rh-202-armed TAM VCTP infantry fighting vehicle.

The regiment has five campaign streamers, including the cordón de Ituzaingó, earned with Colonel Brandsen at its head.

Spring 2026 Armor Magazine available online (free download)

The Spring 2026 issue of Armor magazine is now available for download. You can access your copy at the following link: https://www.dvidshub.net/publication/562/armor-magazine

In this issue, we are excited to include a “What Would You Do?” article. We present a tactical vignette from our editorial staff and invite you to write in and share how you would execute the mission. We look forward to reading your responses!

Hard copies will be available during the Sullivan Cup.  If you are in the Fort Benning area during Armor Week, be sure to pick up the latest issue.

Standing Departments

Chief of Armor’s Hatch: ATP 3-20.96, Cavalry Squadron, is Changing the Fight by BG Chad C. Chalfont

This article announces the upcoming publication of the new Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-20.96, Cavalry Squadron, and explains the significant evolution in U.S. Army cavalry doctrine. It details the shift from a doctrine focused on the cavalry’s functions to one centered on its purpose for the force it supports.

From the Gunner’s Seat: Forging the Future of Armor Leadership – Modernizing NCO PME by CSM Ryan W. Roush

This article announces a fundamental overhaul of the training and education for U.S. Army Armor non-commissioned officers (NCOs). The new approach aims to create more lethal and adaptive leaders by delivering shorter, more focused, and specialized Professional Military Education (PME).

From the Boresight Line: From Proficiency to Lethality – The Framework for Continuous Improvement in Armored Crews by SFC Chas D. Ward and SFC Kenneth L. Shelton

This article argues that to prevent stagnation in proficient armored crews, leaders must shift from training for qualification to training for combat by using advanced simulations, focusing after-action reviews on combat-relevant metrics, and implementing complex challenges. For new crews, the focus should be on providing stability and sufficient time to master foundational skills, ultimately creating a cycle of continuous improvement for the entire unit.

From the Combat Training Centers: Data Overload – Observations on Data and Mission Command From JMRC by LTC Jordan Bradford, MAJ Edwin den Harder, and COL CJ Kirkpatrick

This article discusses the paradox of “data overload” in modern military operations, where the sheer volume of information from numerous digital systems overwhelms commanders and staffs, impeding timely and effective decision-making. It analyzes the causes observed at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center (JMRC) and proposes concrete best practices for managing this data deluge.

From the Doctrine Corner: Winning the First Fight – Modernizing Armor and Cavalry Doctrine by MCOE Directorate of Collective Training and Doctrine (DCTD)

This article outlines the U.S. Army’s comprehensive effort to modernize its doctrine, focusing on providing practical tactics for currently available equipment. Key updates include reframing the cavalry squadron’s purpose, integrating sUAS and electronic warfare, and overhauling gunnery manuals to enhance lethality, all while soliciting feedback from soldiers to ensure relevance.

What Would You Do?

This article presents a tactical scenario from ARMOR magazine’s “What Would You Do?” column, challenging readers to devise a plan for an armor company to seize a chokepoint from a modern, drone-capable enemy. The task requires a 500-750 word response detailing an operational concept that integrates combined arms, electronic warfare, and unmanned systems.

Book Reviews: Brothers in Arms, One Legendary Tank Regiment’s Bloody War From D-Day to VE-Day, reviewed by RETIRED COL Chris R. Willis

Features

Data-Enabled Assessments: What Factors Correlate with Gunnery Excellence in ABCTs? by LTC Brian W. Bilfulco

This article uses statistical analysis to identify the key factors influencing the gunnery performance of tank and Bradley crews, moving beyond anecdotal evidence to provide data-driven insights for leaders. The study finds that individual crewmember attributes, prior experience, and unit-level support systems are significant predictors of success, allowing for more targeted and effective training.

Learning the Wrong Lessons: The Influence of Tanks in the Spanish Civil War on the U.S. Army by Maj Micheal Hanson

This article argues that the U.S. Army drew the wrong conclusions about tank employment from the Spanish Civil War, stunting its armored doctrine by favoring an infantry-support role. In contrast, the German Army correctly identified the need for powerful, massed tank formations, leaving the U.S. unprepared for the blitzkrieg tactics of World War II.

Creative Maintenance Solutions in a Fiscally Constrained Environment by MAJ Jordan L. Woodburn, 1LT Trevor N. Stanley, and 1LT James A. Puls

This article details how the 1-64 Armor Regiment used innovative, cost-effective maintenance solutions during a deployment, such as 3D printing replacement parts and leveraging the fabrication skills of allied forces. These methods allowed the unit to rapidly correct dead-lining faults, improve vehicle readiness, and save money in a fiscally constrained environment.

From Contact to Overmatch: Redefining Armor Fundamentals Through Transformation in Contact by COL Bryan Bonnema, MAJ Aram Hatfield, and MAJ David Strum

This article explains how the U.S. Army’s Armor branch is adapting its fundamental tactics to the modern battlefield of ubiquitous drones and sensors by introducing a new operational framework called Isolation–Exploitation–Regeneration (IER). The IER model prioritizes using unmanned systems for initial engagement, followed by a decisive strike with traditional armored forces, and a rapid reset for subsequent operations.

Steel Meets Sustainment; Key Takeaways from the 12-Day War by CPT Ben Kusinski

This article, written from the perspective of an Armor Officer, details the critical strategic and logistical lessons learned during a fictional 12-Day War in 2025. It emphasizes how sustainment operations are paramount to success in modern, large-scale combat operations against peer adversaries.

The Army’s New Maintenance Skills Test Program in the ABCT by CPT Gabriel Liranzo

This article advocates for the implementation of the Maintenance Skills Test (MST) program to standardize maintenance training at the operator level within Armor units, arguing that lessons from the Russo-Ukraine conflict and current manning challenges necessitate more self-sufficient crews. The author stresses that company commanders must prioritize the MST to foster a culture of ownership and enhance fleet readiness for large-scale combat operations.

Ukrainian Combat Employment of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle by 1LT Jack Lynch

This article argues that the Ukrainian Armed Forces’ tactical innovations with the Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV), which often diverge from U.S. doctrine by emphasizing decentralized, autonomous operations, offer valuable lessons for the U.S. Army. By examining how Ukraine uses the BFV for mobile fire support and ambushes, the author highlights the need for U.S. doctrine to prioritize adaptability and empower small-unit leaders.

A Rapidly Changing Operational Environment: Cavalry Scouts Need to Be Painfully Light and Disproportionately Lethal by SSG Matthew Watson

This article argues that the modern battlefield, characterized by pervasive drone surveillance and rapid sensor-to-shooter links, demands a radical reinvention of Cavalry Scout tactics. The author, a Staff Sergeant, contends that scout sections must become “painfully light” through extreme signature management and dispersion, while also being “disproportionately lethal” by integrating organic loitering munitions and networked fires to survive and remain effective.

Weasels in the snow

How about these great images from the German Army of a Waffenträger (weapons carrier) Wiesel 1 Aufklärung of the 1,700-man multinational battlegroup Panzerbrigade 45 (the “Lithuania Brigade”) frolicking in the snow, complete with MG3.

The Wiesel is one of the few modern tankettes in service today. Just 343 Wiesel 1s and 148 stretched Wiesel 2s have been delivered since 1979, and the 2.75 ton Audi 298-powered tracked vehicle just always looks like fun.

Activated in Vilnius on 1 April 2025, Panzerbrigade 45 currently includes the 122nd Armored Infantry Battalion (Panzergrenadierbataillon 122) from Oberviechtach and the 203rd Armored Battalion (Panzerbataillon 203) from Augustdorf and is set to grow to around 5,000 soldiers and civilian employees by 2027.

Nap Buddies

Happy National Napping Day!

GIs of the 69th Infantry Division take a well-deserved rest in a bed in Germany, March 1945. Judging from their boots, uniforms (heavy on the coveralls), and prevalence of M3 Grease Guns, they are likely tankers, perhaps of the 69th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized) or the division’s two attached armored units: the 777th Tank Bn or 661st Tank Destroyer Bn.

L-R: Gerald A. Garrson, Donald Meyers, Stuart Brent, Bill McGough, and Alva Goodwin. Time LIFE Archives photo

The “Fighting 69th” was formed on 15 May 1943 at Camp Shelby and arrived in the ETO late in the war. It hit the front in February 1945 and spent 86 days in combat. Nonetheless, on its tear across the Rhineland and Central Europe, the division suffered 1,506 battle casualties. Notably, the Holocaust Museum denotes it as a Liberator Division, having liberated Leipzig-Thekla, a subcamp of Buchenwald, in April 1945.

After several months of occupation duty, they were sent back to the States and were deactivated in September 1945.

A great 100-page period pictorial history of the 69th is free to download online.

The ‘For’ in IFOR

And you think it is cold outside where you are!

How about the below, some 30 years ago.

Queen’s Royal Hussars, Petrovac, Bosnia, early 1996, an FV4030 Challenger 1 of 3rd Troop, A Squadron, and a FV107 Scimitar of RECCE Troop, with an AAC Lynx AH.7 overhead. In January 1996, the QRH was the first unit deployed in Challengers to Bosnia with NATO’s British-led Implementation Force.

Cold War veterans who served in the Falklands and Op Granby against Saddam, among other places, Lynx and Scimitar have long since been retired, while Challenger 1 has been superseded by Challenger 2 since 2001.

As for the QRH, today they are the senior-most armored regiment in the British Army, equipped with C2s, and are based at Assaye Barracks, Tidworth, since moving from Germany home (for technically the first time) in 2019.

Formed in 1993 from an amalgam of the Queen’s Own Hussars and the Queen’s Royal Irish Hussars (both of which were formed from amalgamations of other historic cavalry regiments in 1958), the QRH and its myriad antecedents have been awarded 172 Battle Honours going back to 1685, and remember eight Victoria Cross holders, while observing Regimental days for Dettingen, Balaclava, and El Alamein.

Just Cause Sheridans

Following up on the recent mention of the anniversary of Just Cause here on the blog, I would be remiss to point out something super interesting in that 1989 intervention.

It was the only instance of the M-551 Sheridan Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle (AR/AAV) being used exactly as it was designed: as an airdropped light tank.

Crewed by the 3rd Battalion of the 73rd Armor Regiment, 82nd Airborne, the 10 M-551A1s that were hurled to the earth from speeding C-141 Starlifters on 20 December 1989, were the only air drop into combat of the vehicle.

One was damaged and another destroyed when their chutes failed to deploy properly (an 80 percent success rate!), but the use in Panama of the eight functional survivors was “considered highly successful.”

The Sheridan went on to see combat once again in Desert Storm (being the first American Army armor on the ground) and run around the Mojave with the NTC for years, but other than Panama, its claim to fame was in Vietnam.

Albeit without airdrops.

German big cat show

Last week in Munich, the German Bundeswehr introduced the new Kampfpanzer Leopard 2 A8 main battle tank to the public. The service, which has ordered 123 of the model thus far, stresses that, rather than upgrading older tanks, the Leopard A8 is a completely new design – and thus the first newly built MBT for the German Army since 1992.

Im Werk von KNDS wird der neue Leopard 2 A8 vorgestellt.

Of note, the display model included a Rafael EuroTrophy Active Protection System (APS) factory-installed. While 1,900 MBTs and AFVs around the world have Trophy, this is the first factory-fresh Leopard with the system. It also has a fully digital fire-control suite and an all-round situational awareness system with sensor-fusion capability on top of a host of improvements to the benchline Leopard 2A7HU production model.

Panzer Leopard rollt in München vom Band. Mit dabei: der Inspekteur des Heeres Ulrich de Maizière und Verteidigungsminister Kai-Uwe von Hassel.

The Germans have taken a keen interest in how second/third-hand Leopard 2A4/2A4V/2/2A6s have performed (and have been zapped) during real-life combat in Ukraine over the past few years to improve 2A8.

The first production models fielded will be with the PzBrig 45, also known as the Lithuania Brigade (Litauenbrigade), Germany’s first armored unit based abroad permanently since 1945.

Krauss-Maffei-Wegmann’s sizzle reel:

Future 2A8 operators besides Germany include the Netherlands (46 on order), Norway (54), Czechia (77), Lithuania (44), Italy (132), and Sweden (44), while Austria, Slovakia, and Croatia are all negotiating a purchase, making the new big cat a de facto NATO standard.

1965 Similarity

The rollout comes a little over 60 years since the original Leopard hit the scene, also in a similar event in Munich.

The Bundestag in 1964 allocated 1.5 billion DM for the purchase of 1,500 units of the new model. Subsequently, on 9 September 1965, a test drive was held at Krauss-Maffei in Munich, the main manufacturer, by Defense Minister Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU).

Inspector of the Army, Ulrich de Maizière, and the Minister of Defense, Kai-Uwe von Hassel, the first Leopard tank rolled off the assembly line in Munich, Sept 23 1965 (Panzer Leopard rollt in München vom Band. Mit dabei: der Inspekteur des Heeres Ulrich de Maizière und Verteidigungsminister Kai-Uwe von Hassel.)

The official handover of the first Leopard production model to the 4th Company of Panzerlehrbataillon 93 occurred soon after.

By 1976, the Bundeswehr’s total inventory already comprised almost 2,500 Leopard 1s.

Over 10,000 Leopard tanks have been made across the Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 lines, with the Leopard 1 having 6,485 total units built and the Leopard 2 having over 3,600 battle tanks produced since 1979.

And, since you have come this far and may be curious, this is what the U.S. is up to these days with the Abrams– or isn’t.

Meet the M1E3.

The deceptively massive Type 97 anti-tank rifle

You occasionally see images of the Kokura Arsenal-made Japanese Type 97 (semi) automatic cannon, a gas-operated, open-bolt (!) 20mm anti-tank weapon, floating around, circa 1935-45.

A rare Japanese Type 97 anti-tank rifle captured on Guadalcanal from the Ichiki Detachment

Japanese Type 97 anti-tank rifle

U.S. soldiers with a captured 20mm Type 97 Japanese anti-tank rifle at Hollandia, 1944

Soviet soldier inspecting a captured Japanese Type 97 20mm anti-tank rifle in Manchuria in 1939, note five spare magazines. The front and rear carrying handles allow four men to carry it like a stretcher.

And, naturally, you think it is akin to similar beasts seen in the West during the same time period, such as the 28-pound German Panzerbüchse 39, the 36-pound .55 caliber Boys anti-tank rifle, and the 38-pound 14.5mm Russian Degtyaryov PTRD-41, each of which could be carried and used by a single operator in a pinch, with an optional assistant gunner always welcome.

Two-man Soviet anti-tank teams on Shumshu Island during the Kuril landing operation. August 1945. While the Degtyaryov PTRD-41 (shown) and Simonov PTRS-41 14.5x114mm anti-tank rifles were hopelessly obsolete by 1942 on the Eastern Front, they could still penetrate 30mm of steel armor at 500 meters, which was more than enough for Japanese Type 97 Chi-Ha/Shinimoto and Type 95 Ha-Go tanks arrayed against them in the Kuriles which boasted 25mm and 12mm, respectively, along their toughest parts.

The Boys rifle could be, and often was, a single-man carry in the field

Then you find out that the Type 97 weighed 115 pounds unloaded, growing to over 140 when its full 7-round magazine and optional armored shield were attached. This was even heavier than the Lahti L-39 (109 pounds) or the Swiss Solothurn S-18/100 (99 pounds), and it had a TOE that gave it an 11-man crew, including nine horses. 

Oof.

100km a day Across the Desert and all the Rivets you can eat

While traveling around New Orleans, I often come across old French Foreign Legion insignia in antique and curious goods shops. My guess is that Francophiles and Cajuns in the area often, at one point, would sign up for life in the old Legion Etrangere and then return home at the end of the contract.

Holding their old insignia as souvenirs of places long gone, these items would eventually ebb away from them when they passed on to the great barracks in the sky.

Echoes of history, I suppose.

This one is appropriate today, that of Compagnie Montée du 4e REI, qui devient Automobile (CMA/4), a unit that only existed between 1933 and 1940.

The badge, featuring a running ostrich inside of green cog with a grenade and horseshoe, was created in 1934 by the company commander, Captain Gaultier, and made by Arthus Bertrand, Paris Depose. There is also an example with a black Ostrich head.

The outfit was created as the horse-mounted scout company or Compagnie Montée (1ere CM) of the 1st Foreign Regiment (1er REI) in the early 1900s. In September 1920, it became the mounted company of the 4th Foreign Regiment (4 REI), then dubbed CM/4e REI.

In April 1933, they ditched their horses and became a motorized company (Compagnie Montée, Automobile) of the same regiment, or CMA/4 REI, and were based at Ighrem in Morocco.

The nearly battalion-strength company was composed of some 284 officers, NCOs, and legionnaires in a command platoon, service unit, and two armored platoons with AMC Panhard 165/175 armored cars, along with an outsized “platoon” of 120 legionnaires transported by truck (14 Panhard 179 armored trucks, including two with radios, and a dozen Laffly LC2 light Saharan trucks with Veil-Picard “thorn proof” tires).

The Panhard 165, just look at all those rivets

I am pretty sure there is a CMA/4 ostrich cog on the top of this desert-bound Berliet VUDB armored car, of which only 62 were made from 1929 to 1932. 50 of these were used by France in North Africa starting in 1934, with the Legion’s mobile units. 

Light platoon of CMA/4, at Forum el Hassan in the mid-1930s, equipped with camouflaged Panhard AMD 165/175s. (Via Osprey MAA 325)

In early 1934, CMA/4 participated in the Anti-Atlas campaign in the far south of Morocco– the first fully motorized operation of the French Army– led by Colonel Trinquet.

Under Captain Louis-Antoine Gaultier– a tough officer who had fought as an enlisted man in the 4th Zouaves in the Great War and would eventually retire in 1955 as a general and Commandeur de la Légion d’honneur with three Croix de guerre in his cabinet– they were very involved in the fighting in Morocco. Eventually, the unit was split into two; and half would build and occupy the post at remote Forum el Hassan, while the other half established the post of Fort Tindouf (Ain Ben Tili) on the westernmost tip of Algeria near the border with Mauritania, both very “Waiting for the Barbarians” kind of places.

From there, they would conduct long-range patrols to Bir Moghrein (Fort Trinquet), a distance of nearly 500 km as the crow flies– or ostrich runs!

The company was dissolved during the Petian era, post Armistice, on 15 November 1940– some 85 years ago this month– and was combined with other units to become a mixed mounted unit of the 2nd Foreign Regiment, 12e Cie. Mixte Montee/2e REI, which further drifted off into history by 1944.

All that is left of CMA/4 are badges such as this one, and the forts they built in the swirling desert, which were abandoned when the French left North Africa in 1962.

Fort Tindouf (Ain Ben Tili), in northeast Mauritania.

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