Category Archives: war

The True Spirit of ’76.

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A touching image, some 80 years ago today, with an almost unfathomable background.

Official period caption: “Lecco, Italy. PFC George Morihiro, Co I, 442nd Inf. Regt., adopted a little orphan, one of the group from the St. Joseph’s orphanage, which attended the 4th of July party at the Red Cross given by the members of the 442nd Regt., for the evening, and made sure that she had plenty of sweets to eat.”

U.S. Army Signal Corps Photo 111-SC-340940 by Menikheim, 3131st Signal Photo Platoon. National Archives Identifier 404791224

Just in case you didn’t immediately grasp it, the famed 442nd “Go for Broke” Regimental Combat Team was made up of Japanese American troops during WWII. One of the most decorated units in U.S. military history– including five Presidential Unit Citations, 21 MoHs, and 18,000 other individual decorations– the second-generation “Nisei” men who filled its ranks often hailed from families shamefully interned by the federal government under armed guard during the war.

PFC George (Ganjiro) Morihiro was one of them.

Born in September 1924, in Tacoma, Washington, to Gunjiro and Tsuru Morihiro, George graduated from high school in Fife, Washington, and was eager to volunteer for the Army prior to Pearl Harbor. Following the start of the Pacific War, his family was removed to the Puyallup Assembly Center and the Minidoka Concentration Camp, Idaho, where 13,000 Americans were detained in the high desert.

Nonetheless, he joined the Army in late 1943, was sent to Camp Shelby, and, in what he thought was punishment for talking smack to a sergeant there, was promptly designated as a BAR man, toting the 21-pound M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. As anyone can tell you, it sucks to carry a BAR to the range and back, I can’t imagine having to tote one through the gumbo mud of Mississippi or up a mountain in Italy, but George did it.

Earning a Purple Heart in action against the Gothic Line, Staff Sgt. Morihiro returned to Fife after the war. Attending photography school, he worked 20 years for Tall’s Camera Supply and 24 years as owner of GEM Photo Distributors. He was also active in the Nisei Veterans Association, speaking to school groups and community organizations about his wartime experiences, going on to leave a nine-part oral history in 1998.

George passed in 2009, aged 85, and left behind a son and grandchildren. Because, of course, he did.

Shuri Tiny Tank

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It happened 80 years ago today. A recovered Japanese Type 94 tankette in Okinawa.

Official period caption: “Japanese tankette knocked out in battle for Shuri. The tank is about 10 ft. by four and about five feet in height, and carries two men. Relative size is shown by Lt. M. A. Miller of 94 Parkway Rd., Bronxville, New York. 30 June, 1945.”

Photographer: Henderson, 3240th Signal Photo Det. U.S. Army Signal Corps photo SC 211480.

Based on the British Carden-Loyd tankettes VIb of the early 1930s– with lessons learned from the domestic 3.5-ton Type 92 heavy armored car– the Japanese Army fielded just over 800 Type 94 light armored cars starting in 1935.

Japanese Special Naval Landing Force personnel with a Carden Loyd Tankette right and a Vickers Crossley Armored Car left military exercise in 1932

Some 3.4 tons and clad in just under a half-inch of armor, they were powered by a suitcase-sized 4-cylinder 32-hp Mitsubishi Franklin air-cooled inline gasoline engine capable of hurling the little tankette and its two-man crew at speeds of up to 25 mph over good roads. Armament was just a single 7.7mm Type 92 light machine gun. The follow-on, but less numerous, Type 97 Te-Ke tankette was slightly larger and carried a 37mm tank gun, giving it much more muscle.

The Type 94 was mainly deployed in Tankette Companies attached to infantry divisions for use in the reconnaissance role. They were primarily used in China, but American troops encountered the baby tank across the Pacific as well.

1942 in northern China. A column of Japanese Type 98 tanks followed by Type 94 tankettes

An American M4A2 Sherman carrying a Japanese Type 94 tankette on its back, Namur, 1944.

Fewer than a dozen remain today, with most of those in scrap/relic condition.

Gull Winged Angels

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It happened 80 years ago this month.

June 1945. A Marine F4U Corsair firing a salvo of eight five-inch forward-firing aircraft rockets, or FFARs, into an enemy crest of the mountain at Okinawa. Each 80-pound solid-fuel rocket, which preceded the famed Zuni, had a 45-pound HE warhead and a range of about a mile. “The terrific intensity is evident in the explosion of the rocket,” notes the original period caption of the photograph.

Official U.S. Navy Photograph, by Lieutenant David Douglas Duncan, USMCR, now in the collections of the National Archives 127-GW-520-126420

While the Corsair was a fierce dogfighter, earning an 11:1 kill ratio in the hands of U.S. Navy, Fleet Air Arm, RNZAF, and USMC aviators, their heavy use in troop support over the island earned them the nickname of the “Angels of Okinawa.”

A Vought F4U Corsair, of a U.S. Marine Corps fighter squadron, fires a salvo of eight five-inch rockets at a Japanese position in southern Okinawa, circa early June 1945. Photographed from the observer pod of a P-38 Lightning by Marine Corps combat photographer Lieutenant David Douglas Duncan, USMCR. The photo plane, only about 40-50 feet behind the F4U, was knocked out of control by the rocket blast and nearly crashed. U.S. Marine Corps Photograph. Catalog #: USMC 129356

FG-1D Corsair fighters of US Marine Corps squadron VMF-323 in flight over Okinawa, Japan, 10 June 1945 NARA

Although “obsolete” with the introduction of jet fighters, the rocket-carrying Corsair returned to the ground-support role with relish over the skies of Korea and Indochina in the 1950s.

Loading 5-inch rockets on F4U-4 Corsairs of VMF-323 aboard USS Badoeng Strait (CVE-116), off Korea, September 1950. USMC Photo A413601 National Archives Identifier 74237271

Black Sheep Squadron (VMF-214) – Korea. 1st MAW– The First Marine F4U Corsair fighter-bomber pilot to land at newly captured Kimpo Airfield was First Lieutenant John V. Banes, 18 September 1950. While flying off a carrier in close support of Marine infantrymen. Banes, hit while bombing the Communists, thanked his lucky stars and the ground troops for the ready, friendly airfield. The feeling was mutual with the troops on the ground. Marine Corps Photo A3725 by Cpl. R. J. Laitinen. National Archives Identifier 74242918, Local Identifier 127-GR-77-A3725

USS Philippine Sea (CV-47) ordnancemen loading rockets beneath the port wing of a Fighter Squadron 64 (VF-64) F4U-4B Corsair, during operations off the Korean coast, 21 May 1951. Note the different types of rocket warheads and details of carts used to transport the rockets. Official U.S. Navy Photograph, now in the collections of the National Archives. Catalog #: 80-G-439903

Send up the Kromuskit!

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It happened 80 years ago today.

Official period caption: “A gun crew of the 383rd Infantry Regiment, 96th Infantry Division, loads a shell into the new 57mm recoilless rifle to fire against Japanese pillboxes and caves on Okinawa, 10 June 1945.”

Photographer not credited. Photo Source: U.S. National Archives. Digitized by Signal Corps Archive. SC 208846

The M18 (T15E3) recoilless rifle seen above was new indeed.

Fielded in 1945, it was light, at “just” 44 pounds, and used the same tripod as the water-cooled Browning M1917 machine gun, or could be bipod-launched to save weight. It could be fired from the shoulder like the much smaller bazooka in a pinch. Later models used the M26 direct-fire sight.

Developed at the U.S. Army’s Infantry Section with cues from loaned British and captured German designs by two engineers, named Kroger and Musser, the gun was initially termed the “Kromuskit” after its daddies.

The Army ultimately fielded seven rounds for the cute little guy:

Three 5.3-pound 57mm shells for the M18 could be carried in the already fielded M6 rocket bag (designed for the 2.36-in bazooka rockets).

For use by airborne troops, it could be dropped in a M10 Paracrate complete with 14 rounds of ammo. The follow-on M12 Paracrate could carry 14 rounds of ammo as well as an M1917 tripod.

This “pocket artillery” was first used in combat in the Pacific in Okinawa, where its HE and WP shells proved particularly adept at handling dug-in pockets of Japanese.

It remained in use in Korea and with U.S. allies (and enemies, such as the unlicensed Communist Chinese Type 36) throughout the Cold War.

A GI with an M18 recoilless rifle in Korea – May 1951. While ineffective against T-34s, it was still a lifesaver firing 133-slug canister shot at incoming waves of Chinese “Volunteers” and in zapping lightly dug-in positions with HE and WP. LIFE Magazine Archives – Michael Rougier Photographer.

Austrian Tiroler Jägerbataillon with M18 recoilless rifle, circa late 1950s. Bestanddeelnr 254-4382

The M18 was replaced in American service by the larger and more effective M20 75mm, M67 90mm, and M40 105mm RRs, and those, by the 1980s, by more modern guided anti-tank weapons.

Chopping it up along the Verde Trail

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It happened 80 years ago.

8 May 1945. Caballero Mountains, Luzon. While peace of a sort had come to Europe, WWII continued to roar in the Pacific.

Here we see a M15 Combination Gun Motor Carriage “Special” that, in lieu of the standard M1 37mm gun/. 50 cal combination normally seen, was modified with a 40mm Bofors. It is also shown with an M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage, which is essentially an M3 half-track chassis carrying an M45 Maxon “Meat Chopper” quad .50 cal.

A closer look at the M15. During Korea, this modification was solidified in the M34 with 102 M15s converted in Japan in 1951. The M34 mounted a single 40 mm Bofors gun in place of the M15’s combination gun mount. This was due primarily to a shortage of 37 mm ammunition, which was no longer manufactured. M34s served with at least two AAA (automatic weapons) battalions (the 26th and 140th) in the Korean War.

And a close-up of the M16/50 Quad.

M16 firing on Japanese position on the Villa Verde Trail in the Caballero Mountains, Luzon, PI, May 8, 1945

All of the above tracks are assigned to A Co, 209 AAA (Aw) Battalion of the 32nd “Red Arrow” Infantry Division, and are being used on Yamashita Ridge during the Battle of Villa Verde Trail.

As noted by the Army’s CMH, “In brief, the battle for the Villa Verde Trail became a knock-down, drag-out slug fest.”

The 32nd– which logged 654 days of combat during WWII, more than any other U.S. Army division– suffered 4,961 casualties in the Luzon Campaign.

Drones Give and Take in Unusual Ways These Days

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A few interesting stories that help add color to what warfare is in 2025.

In Poland, Soldiers of the 15th Giżycko “Zawiszy Czarnego” Mechanized Brigade have been “testing new technologies for MEDEVAC procedures, notification systems, and modern teleinformation tools for planning and managing medical evacuations during both operations and emergencies.”

This includes using a large quadcopter UAV with a Stokes litter slung underneath for casevac.

Looks fun unless you are in the litter…

The Poles, who are continually keeping active tabs on what is going on in Ukraine, are all in on drones moving forward.

Drone troops are the future of the Polish army, the future of all types of armed forces. They will have hundreds of thousands of drones: flying, ground, surface, and underwater – said Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of National Defence Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz on Wednesday during the annual task and settlement briefing of the management of the Ministry of National Defence and the command staff of the Polish Army.

Now, flash to the Sinai along the Israeli-Egyptian border, where the IDF recently intercepted and captured a UAV entering Israeli airspace. After downing the drone (which still looks intact, so it was probably via a soft kill ECM device) 10 M-16 style rifles and ammunition were recovered, no doubt being smuggled to Palestinian militant groups.

The rifles appear to be ChiCom Norinco CQs, which have been widely used and are available for sale in Yemen, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, and Libya. The Iranians even make a variant of the CQ domestically (as the Sayyad 5.56) for the Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC).

And from the wastes of the Mojave Desert, where the 11th “Blackhorse” Armored Cavalry Regiment has been routinely beating the tracks off folks as the OPFOR at the National Training Center in Fort Irwin for the past 30 years, drones are well in hand to shake things up.

According to the Blackhorse’s social media team, they have been integrating FPV drones of the type often seen in use as simple munitions droppers and unmanned kamikazes in Ukraine and Syria, drone-deployed minefields, and their own legacy systems to lay waste to visiting units and making it look easy.

Revolutionary War Company Madness

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The 700 British regulars under Lt. Col (later MG) Francis Smith that sortied out of Boston to Lexington and Concord some 250 years ago this month did so in a bewildering array of units. Smith’s force included the Grenadier and Light Infantry Companies of the 4th (King’s Own), 5th, 10th, 23rd (Royal Welch Fusiliers), 38th, 43rd, 47th, 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot, Grenadier and Light Infantry companies of the 1st Battalion of Marines, and also the Grenadier company of the 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot.

For those keeping up at home, that’s at least 21 companies for what would today be viewed as a light battalion-sized force.

Why?

Robust and agile Grenadiers and “Light Bobs” from various regiments and Marines made up the British force that marched on Lexington and Charleston. They were typically drilled and trained to skirmish with the enemy from behind cover, provide reconnaissance, and protect the army’s flanks, whereas more traditional line infantry companies from the same regiment were of the “stand and deliver” style force that would provide massed musketry in a set-piece battle (NPS photos)

The reason for the variety was that Smith, looking to move fast, had the cream of the Britsh regiments in Boston, the elite Grenadiers and the skirmishers of the Light companies, with each of His Majesty’s regiments of foot organized into 10 companies: eight line, and two flank (Grenadier and Light). The picked men of each regiment. Smith’s main striking force would be the Grenadiers, screened and supported with the assorted Light companies.

It was a good choice, as his exhausted force would have to cover 18 miles from Boston to Concord and back, with the way back under a fierce fighting retreat, in 22 hours.

Each British infantry regiment of the time numbered 477 men in 10 companies, with each of the latter typically containing no more than 49 men: a Captain, two Lieutenants, two Sergeants, three Corporals, a Drummer, two Fifers, and 38 Privates. As basic math would have given Smith a force of well over 1,000 on paper, the discrepancy (700 marching out of Boston), shows how understrength through illness, death, and discharges the Brits were.

King George III only had a 48,647-strong Army- deployed around the globe- in 1775, organized in 46 regiments of infantry and 16 of cavalry as well as an array of independent companies and support units. Of those 46 regiments of foot, an impressive 18 were deployed to America. At the start of the war, the only regular cavalry in the Americas was the 17th Dragoons, numbering just 288 sabres in four squadrons.

In all, only 8,580 British regulars were in America at the start of the Revolution.

Facing 4,000 alerted Massachusetts militia who began surrounding Boston on the morning of 20 April- an 11-month siege that would eventually lead to the evacuation of the city by the British in March 1776- you can see how thin the King’s hold on the colony really was.

Rolling Bones

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80 years ago. Awaiting removal of a roadblock on the road to Eisfeld, Germany, a 90mm GMC M36 tank destroyer crew whiles away the time shooting craps. 28th Infantry Division (“Keystone”), U.S. Third Army, 12 April 1945.

Signal Corps Photo 111-SC-204555, National Archives Identifier 6927819

The men are likely “Cossacks” of the 630th TD Battalion, Battle of the Bulge vets who passed from temporary XVIII Airborne Corps control back to the 28th near Wolfstein around this time.
Among the camp gear accumulated on the back of the M36 is a case of “10-in-1” rations, Menu 3, which would include bulk-packed K rations in two 5-serving packs, the first in packages and the second in cans. Of key importance, a 10-in-1 also held ten packages of cigarettes– each holding 10 Chesterfields, Luckies, or Pall Malls– along with ten GI matchbooks and 250 sheets of GI toilet paper. Tough but fair.

Zouaves and surfboats!

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From Osprey’s upcoming title, American Civil War Amphibious Tactics, by Ron Field, illustrated by Steve Noon:

Hawkins’ Zouaves At Hatteras Inlet, August 28, 1861

Elements of the 9th New York Infantry, also known as Hawkins’ Zouaves [or the New York Zouaves, Little Zouaves, and Zoo-Zoos], land via surfboats on Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina, on August 28, 1861. The first major amphibious landing of the Civil War was disrupted by gale-force winds and high surf that stove many of the boats and caused the landings to be called off, leaving 323 troops stranded on the beach overnight. Re-forming at the point where they had struggled ashore, these men spent a miserable night ashore in a driving rain. Although vulnerable to attack from the Confederate garrison at Forts Hatteras and Clark, Colonel William F. Martin, commanding the Confederate defenses in the forts, overestimated their numbers and lost the initiative, surrendering to Flag Officer Silas H. Stringham, USN, the next day.

Yup, I already have it on pre-order.

M2 Days in Chad

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45 years ago this week. 22 February 1980. Opération Tacaud. Chad. “Batha,” a M101A1 (M2) 105mm howitzer in action during a live-fire exercise by 2ème batterie, 11e régiment d’artillerie de marine (RAMa). The location is likely Camp Dubut north of N’Djamena, the country’s capital.

Note the cannon is likely named for the Batha prefecture of Chad. Marc-André Desanges/ECPAD/Défense. F 80-115 L256

The handy 4,900-pound U.S. M2/M101A1 howitzer entered French service in 1943 as the HM2 10,5cm gun and it remained a standard in operations against the Viet Minh in Indochina, in Algeria, and in other places– such as Chad against the Libyans– until finally withdrawn from service in 1997.

While the gunners of 11e RAMa– a unit that dates back to 1622— are still in French Army service, based at Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier and equipped with Caesar 155mm guns, 120mm mortars, Mistral missiles, and VOA Griffons, the French have officially departed Chad after 70 years of post-colonial security assistance (and 60 years of colonial rule). 

It would seem the Chadians are pivoting towards Moscow. 

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