Here at LSOZI, we take a break every Wednesday to explore the old steam/diesel navies of the 1833-1954 period, profiling a different ship each week. These ships have a life, a tale all their own, which sometimes takes them to the strangest places.- Christopher Eger
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Warship Wednesday, September 24, 2025: Low Lying
Fotoafdrukken Koninklijke Marine, Objectnummer 2158_002096
Above, we see the Dutch Heiligerlee-class deckhouse monitor 2de klasse Zr.Ms. Krokodil between 1887 and 1900. Note her myriad of topside shielded 37mm 1-pounder Hotchkiss QF guns, including two covered 5-garreled Gatling style Krupp-Gruson Revolverkanone looking over her stern and two singles crowding her forward military mast, from where they had a great enfilade angle on approaching small craft. This augmented her single 11.4-inch L22 Krupp No.1 breechloading rifle in her turret.
One of a group of interesting ironclads built for the Netherlands to a British design, she had a quiet career.
Dutch monitors
Keen to learn from the naval developments coming out of the U.S. during the Civil War, the Koninklijke Marine, then as now one of the most professional sea services in the world, was quick to upgrade. From the mid-1860s to the late 1870s, the Dutch navy rushed to complete a fleet of armored monitors for coastal defense.
These included the two large domestically-built Rammonitor 1ste klasse vessels, the Rijkswerf-built Zr.Ms. Draak (2,234 t, 201 ft. oal, 8.4 knots, 2×11.4″/22 guns, ƒ1,311,715 cost) and the Fijenoord-built Matador (2,000 t, 209 ft. oal, 7.5 knots, 2×11.4″/22, ƒ1,039,529) that entered service in 1877.
Rammonitor Zr.Ms. Matador NIMH 2158_006466
These beasts were preceded by 11 Monitors 2de klasse, led by six bow ram-equipped Adder-class vessels (Zr.Ms. Hyena, Panter, Haai, Adder, Wesp, and Luipaard), delivered by Rijkswerf and Fijenoord between 1870 and 1876. Running 1,500 tons and some 192 feet long, they carried two 9-inch Armstrong/EOC RML guns and were protected with between 5.5 and 11 inches of iron plate armor. Speed was 7 or 8 knots, depending on the vessel, as none of the six appeared to have been 100 percent identical. These ships ran between ƒ755,955 (Adder) and ƒ920,343 (Luipaard).
This leaves us with the other five 2de klasse monitors, which kicked off the Dutch monitor race.
These vessels, the Laird Brothers-designed Heiligerlee class, included Zr.Ms.Cerberus, Bloedhond, Tijger, and our primary subject, Krokodil. All ordered in 1867 as the ink was still drying at Appomattox and the smoke was still in the air from Lissa, these five ships were built at two different British yards (Laird and Napier) as well as at Rijkswerf.
Heiligerlee model, via Rijksmuseum
While they were roughly the same design, they varied from hull to hull but generally ran 1,500 tons and 192 feet overall. Carrying two 9-inch Armstrong/EOC RML guns, they were protected with between 5.5 and 11 inches of iron plate armor. Speed was between 7 and 9 knots, depending on the vessel.
Zr. Ms. Luipaard
Zr. Ms. Luipaard
As you may have guessed, the Heiligerlee design would prove the basis for the follow-on Adders as described above.
Meet Krokodil
Laid down at Laird Brothers, Birkenhead, within days of her class-leading sister Heiligerlee, Krokodil was launched 13 Feb 1868 and entered service 21 July 1870. She cost ƒ765,115 compared to Heiligerlee’s ƒ788,348
Monitor Zr.Ms. Krokodil in Birkenhead, England, in 1868, showing her original twin turret. NIMH Objectnummer 2158_002092
Krokodil was well-documented in the British press at the time, with a well-known line drawing appearing in the Illustrated News and a description in the Engineer.
A circa 1868 print of Krokodil. NIMH Objectnummer 2158_002093
Krokodil print, Illustrated News
Dutch Harbor Defense Ironclad Monitor Krokodil, Illustrated London News, September 5, 1868,
With a draft of just under 10 feet, these monitors were well-suited for inland service, defending the sea inlets along the extensive canals of their home country.
Krokodil, 1871, via Rijksmuseum
However, their low freeboard made them lethal to their crews in any sort of chop, as witnessed by the original USS Monitor, which went to the bottom early in her career.
Hauntingly, Adder capsized near Scheveningen with all 65 crew members on board in 1882.
With the rapid advancement in naval guns, the standard Dutch monitor big gun, the muzzle-loading Armstrong 9-incher, was soon made obsolete and, starting with the Luipaard in 1877, would instead carry 11.4″/22 Krupp No.1 breechloaders.
The Krupp gun, besides being about 15 percent cheaper than the British RML, was also more effective, capable of firing a 560-pound AP shell to 9,000 yards instead of the 249-pound “pointed bullet” (puntkogel), which had a 6,000-yard range. However, as a single Krupp gun weighed more than two Armstrongs, this meant the twin-gun turrets on the Heiligerlees and Adders were eventually converted to a single gun.
The brown-powder fired Krupp 28cm L22 C76 Nr. 1 kanon as used by Dutch ironclad monitors starting in 1877.
Krokodil only received her Krupp upgrade in 1884, making it easy to date images of her. As small torpedo boats had become a threat by that time, she also picked up a smaller 3-inch gun and four Hotchkiss 1-pounders as described in the first image of this post.
Zr.Ms. Heiligerlee class monitor 2de klasse 2158_005033
Heiligerlee class monitor with 28 cm A No. 1 gun after 1884, Amsterdam. Afbeeldingsbestand: PBKD00201000009 G
Monitor Hr.Ms. Krokodil in Harlingen on laundry day, circa 1887-1900. NIMH Objectnummer 2158_002094
By the late 1890s, after international naval lessons learned in the Sino-Japanese War in 1894 and the Spanish-American War in 1898, the age of the iron-sheathed monitor was clearly passed.
On 16 March 1900, Krokodil was decommissioned and, after a few years of service as a hulk, was sold for ƒ32.257 worth of scrap in 1906 to J.G. van der Linden of Woerden.
All of her sisters were similarly disposed of, with Heiligerlee surviving the latest, being scrapped in 1910. The larger and more advanced Draak was the last Dutch monitor in service, but even she left in 1914. The age of steel and electricity had come.
All that remains are their builders’ models and the wreck of Adder.
Model monitor Tijger, in full rigged arrangement. Heiligerlee class, via Rijksmuseum
Meminisse est ad Vivificandum – To Remember is to Keep Alive
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